Child Labour And Urbanization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 351 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Labour Essay Did you like this example? Urbanization and Migration The road youngster wonder is likewise observed as an issue of modernization since it separates the customary urban family structures, loss of arable land, and quick extension of urban communities (Oloko 1992). In Pakistan, expanded migration and ensuing urbanization has prompted the swarming of urban communities amid the most recent two decades. The issue emerges when the accepting urban areas cant ingest and oblige the flood of people and family units from provincial regions. Because of this, country outsiders in Pakistan have moved to the casual settlements in urban peripheries (Ali. et al. 2004). Neediness and lacking family pay have constrained kids and young people into looking for work in the casual economy. In Pakistan, numerous youngsters move to the urban communities for monetary reasons, including kids from Afghanistan (Emmanuel, Iqbal and Khan 2005). Relocation of incompetent and uneducated individuals in creating nations makes it troublesome for these families to get by in city lives. Thus, kids likewise need to make up for the family profit and assume their job as monetary specialists. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Child Labour And Urbanization" essay for you Create order The Demand Side Factors Bordonaro (2012) stresses the significance of casual economy in the city as one of the interest side or draw factors for youngsters work. He further (like others Aptekar 1994; Black 1993; Ennew and Swart-Kruger 2003; Ennew 2003; Orme and Seipel 2007) includes that the craving for freedom and independence additionally contributes towards kids choice to proceed onward to the boulevards. This investigation guarantees that on the off chance that road movement is fruitful, youngsters are appeared quiet in the city; despite what might be expected if their relocation encounter ends up being a disappointment, they are bound to come back to their families. Be that as it may, this exploration does not consider those youngsters who dont forever dwell in the city or the individuals who relocate to the avenues despite their negative involvement and dont have different choices accessible. It is likewise far-fetched to consider the experience of youngsters totally effective or totally a disappointment on account of the tradeoffs included. For instance, regardless of unforgiving treatment from open and specialists, the avenues give employment to various poor youngsters.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Paranoid Schizophrenia Essay

Many of you may be wondering what is Paranoid Schizophrenia. Some may even perhaps heard of Paranoid Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that disrupts the way a person feels, thinks and perceives the world. According to researchers a person who has developed paranoid schizophrenia have a hard time distinguishing what s real and unreal . Signs and symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia can show up at any random time. It can often become a lifelong illness. Many people recognize a paranoid schizophrenic by their symptoms. They often experience auditory disturbances meaning they hear things that are not real. For example , they could be sitting in a room and hear voices in the room that no one else can hear. It could be one voice or two voices having a conversation or talking of them , criticizing them , or picking at them. Also Unexplained anger could come about , Emotional disconnectedness , severe anxiety and agitation , Violent tendencies , Delusions and frequent suicidal thoughts and behaviors. When a Paranoid Schizo often suffers from delusions they feel others are often against them so over time they gravitate towards a defensive tactic that causes them to become aggressive towards a person they often feel like that s out to get them. With that being said they may commit violence in self defense against someone they feel are trying to cause harm to them or a loved one. All of the above symptoms could occur to a person who has developed paranoidShow MoreRelatedA Research Paper on Schizophrenia984 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia Introduction Schizophrenia is a severe, disabling and chronic disorder that affects people. Schizophrenia is diagnosed as a psychotic disorder. 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ThisRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia997 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"mind† respectively. However, the more common symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought. This paper will discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatments of schizophrenia. Causes of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia can arise from biological and environmental factors. Genetics are thought to play a role in the development of schizophrenia. It is currently unknown which genes are specifically involved in causing schizophrenia, but the it has been observed that the more

Reparations The Case For Reparations Essay - 1522 Words

The Case for Reparations Analysis Reparation is a term defined as â€Å"the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged.† How does this exactly apply when we’re talking about discrimination and segregation? Ta-Nehisi Coates presents â€Å"The Case for Reparations† to illustrate the need of a reparation to African- American citizens. Coates explains three major concepts in his paper. He emphasizes how African- American citizens have helped create wealth, displays how the government has actually restricted African- American citizens from owning homes in history, and presents a series of compelling stories from people still suffering discrimination and segregation today. In this paper, I will defend â€Å"The Case for Reparations† in agreement with Ta-Nahisi Coates. We have all sat through multiple history classes and learned about slavery, segregation, and the Civil War. We have all seen brut al movies and presentations based on racial injustices and the lack of equality. So often, we forget that these issues are still so present in our community. Slavery is illegal in the United States but other forms of racial profiling, insensitivity, and racism continue to be a recurring social barrier. Racism is still very much alive. The United States is â€Å"equal† yet somehow segregated. There isn’t quite a quick fix to this problem. Clearly, this has been an ongoing issue and requires major progression in our personal globalShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Case For Reparations 1057 Words   |  5 Pagessocial ladder for many years. Racial discrimination is still existent today, though people are afraid to talk about it, for fear of admitting ancestral sin and current stereotypes. Ta-Nehisi Coates expresses these ideas in his article â€Å"The Case for Reparations†, and focuses on the issue of home ownership in Chicago. 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Coates (2014) examined past events that occurred to prevent African Americans from being equal to whites. According to Coates (2014) African Americans were vulnerable because the y did not have protection from law. The article discussed how African AmericansRead MoreThe Case For Reparations By Ta Nehisi Coates Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pages and now we are determined to have it† (Coates). In â€Å"The Case for Reparations† by Ta-Nehisi Coates, the author begins his article with this quote to ensure that his audience has a different perspective about the case for African American reparations. There is no denying that since the inception of the United States of America, African Americans have faced serious discrimination and injustice, which may in fact entitle them to reparations. 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Economics for Business In any Market Structure

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Business for In any Market Structure. Answer: In any market structure, an appropriate once-off expenditure on product differentiation will guarantee the firms ability to maximize economic profit into the future. Introduction The main aim of this part of the assignment is to discuss whether the expenditure on product differentiation guarantees firms ability to maximize profit in future in any market structure. The author in this part points that all the types of market structure does not result in positive economic profit due to expenditure on the product differentiation. Product differentiation is the concept used by the producers to exhibit their product as different from other products in order to reduce the substitution of the product. The concept is only applicable in case where there are many buyers and sellers that produce the similar types of product in the market (Baumol Blinder, 2015). There are various techniques that the producers use to distinguish their product such as advertisement, packaging, branding and discounts. Economic profit is the profit that is left with the producers after deducting opportunity cost of inputs used for the production from the revenue that is earned by selling the product. Perfectly competitive firms do not use product differentiation method and neither do they earn positive economic profit (Roberts, 2014). Hence, an appropriate once off expenditure on product differentiation will not guarantee the firms ability to maximize economic profit in any type of market structure in future. The following part analyzes the monopolistic competitive market structure to analyze the importance of product differentiation for generating positive economic profit (Zhelobodko et al., 2012). Analysis Monopolistic competition is a type of market structure where there are large number of buyers and sellers producing similar type of products. Consumers have large choice to choose from the substitutes products. The main reason to use product differentiation method is to eliminate substitutes from the market in order to increase profit. Firms make positive economic profit in short run in monopolistic competitive market. Since the firms in monopolistic market produce similar type of product and not same product, product differentiation is used to generate profit (Bertoletti Etro, 2015). The main condition for profit maximization in monopolistic competitive market is producing at a point where MR=MC. The firms in monopolistic competitive market earns positive economic profit as well incur deadweight loss in short run. In long run, the firm does not incur any profit but incur only normal profit. Monopolistically competitive market structures behave like monopolists in short run. This is explained with a help of diagram as shown below. Figure: Monopolistic competitions in short run (Source: created by author) The firms in a monopolistic competitive market have no control over the price. This is the reason why they face a downward sloping demand curve in short run. Presence of both the average and the fixed costs leads the firms to face a U shaped average cost curve. The main aim of all the firms is to maximize profit and the profit maximizing condition for the firm in short run is at a point where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost (Novshek, 2014). The above diagram shows that firms in monopolistically competitive market will produce until a point where MR is equal to MC. The price will be determined from the downward sloping demand curve. The economic profit is marked in pink in the above diagram. Price is marked from the point in the demand curve while the cost is calculated from the average cost curve. The gap between the revenue and cost is the economic profit. The firm also faces a deadweight loss that is measured by the difference in the producer and consumer surplus. It is marked in a brown triangle in the above diagram. The more the product is differentiated in the market the more steeper is the demand curve. Earning profit is only possible in short run. Seeing firms earn profit new firms join in the long run that produce similar type of product. The competition of the firms increase which makes it difficult for the firms to produce goods that are differentiated in nature. Hence, in long run the firms only earn normal profit due to failure of product differentiation (Gabszewicz Wauthy, 2014). In case of a perfectly competitive market where there are large number of buyers and sellers, the concept of product differentiation is not applicable. This is so because the producers produce same type of products that acts as substitute for the consumers. Hence, firms in perfectly competitive market also earn normal profit and the differentiation is done based on price (Makowski, 2014). In case of oligopoly market structure, few sellers produce the similar type of product. The sellers have control over the price and hence product differentiation is not applicable in such market structure. Product differentiation is only applicable in case of monopolistic competitions that too in short run (Liu Zhang, 2013). In case of monopolistic competition market, the two main characteristics are that the competitors perceive over non-price difference products and the firms have no price control over the product. The cross elasticity of demand is the degree or responsiveness of change in demand of one good that is affected by the price of the other good. If the cross elasticity of demand is high for the good in the market then the product differentiation will lead to negative economic profit. This is so because the expenditure on the product differentiation adds on to the cost that increases the average total cost (Makadok Ross, 2013). The average total cost will exceed the price charged by the firm that will lead the firms incur loss in short run. Hence, it can be seen that product differentiation does not lead to positive economic profit in all the situations or the market condition. Profit maximization condition occurs at a biggest gap of total revenue and total cost. Conclusion The above discussion shows that the expenditure on product differentiation to earn economic profit does not guarantee positive income in all the market structures and conditions. Product differentiation guarantees firms to maximize profit only in monopolistic competitive firm that too only in short run because the firms acts as monopolists. In long run the firms incur only normal profit. Hence, in any market structure, an appropriate once-off expenditure on product differentiation does not guarantee the firms ability to maximize economic profit into the future. 2: Economics has difficulty in explaining why wage rates for individuals vary across occupations and industries and within occupations and industries. Introduction Various economic factors explain the reasons for variations in the wages of employees across occupation and industries. There are various theories such as wage differentials and minimum wage that explains the reason for the variation in wages of employees. The labor market and the variations is due to the misbalance in labor demand and supply. The misbalance is due to the difference in skills and education. This type of unemployment is known as structural a frictional unemployment (Ehrenberz Smith, 2016). Wage rate is not uniform for all the occupation and industries. It varies on the skills that the employees posses and the budget that firms have for the production of goods and services. Since no two jobs have same characteristics this is the major reason for the wages to vary. Economics and statistics can be used to discuss the reason for the variation in wages of labor in the market. The differences occur due to differences in education and desirability of the job. Analysis Minimum wage is the minimum wage set by the government that the employer must give to its employees. The problem with the minimum wage theory is that the government sets a uniform wage for the employees irrespective of their degree of education. This leads the decrease in wages of employees with experience and knowledge. It is beneficial for the employees that are unskilled in nature (Low Pay Commission, 2013). Figure: Minimum wage theory (Source: Created by author) Wage differentials are also known as inter firm or inter area differentials. Method of percentile wages is used to measure the differences in the wages of employees in industries and occupation. Wage difference is the difference between the wages of high earners and low earners. The wage differential theory states five reasons for the differences in wages that are: Occupational differences Inter firm differentials Regional differences Inter industry differences Personal wage differences (Lane, Salmon Spletzer, 2013). Occupational differences The main reason for the differences in wages of employees is difference in the educational qualification and the training that the employee has undergone. People with higher degree and qualification get higher wages than the ones with lower wages. Occupational differences of wages encourages people to take more challenging and complex tasks as skilled people get higher wages than the unskilled people (Fujita Thisse, 2013). Human capital that is the skills that is required to enter the job market varies in people that cause the differences to arise in wages. Inter firm differences Inter firm differences in wages occur due to differences in the quality of labor, imperfections in the labor market and differences in equipment and supervision. Managerial efficiency and other facilities also add on to the differences in the wages. Inter industry differences Not only do the wages vary across occupations and firms but also in industry. The reason for the variation in wages in industries is the variations in the product market, industries ability to pay and the unionization. Occupational wages across industry and employer (Neumuller, 2015). The wages differ from one to the other due to differences in the working conditions, training requirement, company name and clientele. Trade unions and their collective bargaining power Trade unions are the group of employees with equal demand from employees. Bargaining power is the power that they hold to fight with their employees over the demand of the employees. If the unionization of labor is strong in a particular area then the wages of those employees is higher as the employers have the fear of losing the employees. Unionization plays a great role in describing the reason for the variation in wages (Amiti Davis, 2012). Compensating wage differentials Employees with higher skills are paid higher wages. Employees that undertake the risky jobs and complex tasks are paid higher wages in form of compensation and reward. If the contribution of the employees is high towards the revenue then get higher wages. This is the reason for the variation in wages. In a competitive labor market, it is the wages that compensates the opportunity cost that they have to incur that is in form of education or leisure activity. The differences in wages depend on various factors such as social, ethical, political, economical, geographical and behavioral. The economic factors that affect the differences in wages are: Demand and supply of workers Bargaining power Cost of living Condition of product market Comparative wages Ability to pay Productivity of labor Job requirements Government policy And goodwill of the company (Van Kerm, 2013). Conclusion The above analysis shows that economics describes the reasons for the variation in wages using various economic theories such as minimum wage theory and wage differentials. Wage percentile is calculated in statistics, which in turn depends on the economic factors of wage differences. Wages depends on the skills, type of work, occupation, education and market in which they work. References Amiti, M., Davis, D. R. (2012). Trade, firms, and wages: Theory and evidence.The Review of economic studies,79(1), 1-36. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., Etro, F. (2015). Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Ehrenberg, R. G., Smith, R. S. (2016).Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge. Fujita, M., Thisse, J. F. (2013).Economics of agglomeration: cities, industrial location, and globalization. Cambridge university press. Gabszewicz, J. J., Wauthy, X. Y. (2014). Vertical product differentiation and two-sided markets.Economics Letters,123(1), 58-61. Lane, J. I., Salmon, L. A., Spletzer, J. R. (2013).Establishment wage differentials. BiblioGov. Liu, Q., Zhang, D. (2013). Dynamic pricing competition with strategic customers under vertical product differentiation.Management Science,59(1), 84-101. Low Pay Commission. (2013).National Minimum Wage: Low Pay Commission Report 2013(Vol. 8565). The Stationery Office. Makadok, R., Ross, D. G. (2013). Taking industry structuring seriously: A strategic perspective on product differentiation.Strategic Management Journal,34(5), 509-532. Makowski, L. (2014). Perfect Competition, the Profit Criterion, and the Organiza-tion of Economic Activity.Journal of Economic Theory,22, 105-25. Neumuller, S. (2015). Inter-industry wage differentials revisited: Wage volatility and the option value of mobility.Journal of Monetary Economics,76, 38-54. Novshek, W. (2014). Equilibrium in simple spatial (or differentiated product) models.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 199. Roberts, K. (2014). The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Van Kerm, P. (2013). Generalized measures of wage differentials.Empirical Economics,45(1), 465-482. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.